Hallway (APC Tophat) Mac OS
With all supported operating systems except HP-UX ®, AIX ™, and Mac OS X ™, PowerChute installs OpenJDK 11. To install PowerChute on HP-UX, AIX, and Mac OS X, a compatible JRE must already be installed on your system. Solaris Sparc gives you the option of installing the bundled JRE, or specifying a JRE location. My Mac Pro with 5 drives, ATi X1900 XT (130W alone), 3GB (6 x 512MB) RAM, Dell 2405 24' display, USB hub, FireWire hub plus a stack of other stuff doesn't exceed the 600W load of my APC Back-UPS RS 1000VA so even with what I have I'm nowhere near a maximum current draw when at peak load at startup and wake and obviously usage. Issue: How to configure native shutdown of Mac OS X Product Line/s: Smart-UPS Back-UPS Environment: Mac OS X attached to UPS via USB cable NOTE: According to Apple, Energy Saver options are not available for UPS on portable devices e.g. MacBook, MacBook Pro, MacBook Air. See Apple discussion thread 8398176.
- Open Access
- Total Downloads : 66
- Authors : Mr. Nagaraja B S , Mr. A M Nagraj , Mr. Nandan N
- Paper ID : IJERTV8IS070180
- Volume & Issue : Volume 08, Issue 07 (July 2019)
- Published (First Online): 22-07-2019
- ISSN (Online) : 2278-0181
- Publisher Name : IJERT
- License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Design & Development of Optimum Load Shedding with Voltage Stability Indicators in Power System
Mr. Nagaraja B S1, Mr. A M Nagraj2 & Mr. Nandan N3
1,2,3 Assistant Professor, EEE, DSCE, Bangalore, Karnataka-560 078
Abstract:- Optimal load shedding strategy for power systems with optimum location and quantity of load to be shed is presented. The problem of load shedding for avoiding the existence of voltage instability in power systems is taken as a remedial action during emergency state in transmission An and distribution sector. Optimum location of loads to be shed is found together with their optimum required quantity. The optimum load shedding in power strategies with voltage stability indicators is a simple new method is developed to determine the optimum location and the optimum quantity of load to be shed in order to prevent the system voltage from going to the unstable. This method is based on indicators of risk of voltage instability. It can be implemented for large power system to estimate voltage instability. Successive load flow runs are required to accomplish this method. The proposed method can be used for real time applications in power systems. The computation speed of these indicators is fast compared to other methods.
Keywords Load shedding; voltage stability; labview; voltage indicators;
INTRODUCTION
Electrical load shedding is a method of reducing the demand on the electricity generation and achieved by switching off some loads or energy supply to some geographical areas. This is usually a last measure by the utilities, and often implemented to prevent overloading the generating systems and eventual collapse of the entire power system.
Load shedding is one of the last things that a utility company should look at. It leads to frustrated customers and loss of revenue for the consumers as production drops. In addition, it may cause equipment damage.
Electricity companies should ensure that they have enough capacity to meet normal and peak demands. This can be achieved by planning for future electricity demand and progressively upgrading the generating equipment, maintain existing systems, reducing transmission losses and increasing efficiency in the entire system.
Power companies are required to supply sufficient energy to meet installed capacity. However, the demand may become inconsistent during peak periods. Whenever the power generated is insufficient to support the load, the electrical supply and distribution system becomes unbalanced and unstable.
If not controlled, the system can collapse and cause a total blackout. In such a situation, it may take hours or days to restore back the power. The utility monitors their systems and compare the load against the supply. If the difference between
the two gets very narrow, some of the sections are disconnected so as to prevent the system from becoming unstable.
VOLTAGE STABIITY
Voltage stability is the ability of a power system to maintain steady acceptable voltages at all buses in the system under normal operating conditions and after being subjected to a disturbance.
Severe and increasing strain has been observed in the power system in recent years due to incongruence between the generation and transmission infrastructure. Environmental issues, change in energy portfolio and deregulated energy markets are some of the prime factors. The kind of stress developed in the system has caused concerns for voltage instability. Voltage stability refers to the ability of a power system to maintain steady voltages at all buses in the system after being subjected to a disturbance from a given initial operating condition.
FLOW DIAGRAM
Fig. 1. Flow diagram.
CS-current sensor VS-voltage sensor
In this project voltage sensors used ZMPT101B, current sensors used ACS712 and relay used is JQC-3FF-S-Z.
Voltage sensor can able to sense up to 250v, current sensors are 5A sensors and Relay used is 5Vdc
In this project the loads have divided into commercial loads and industrial loads. 150w exhaust fan is used as commercial load and 100W incandescent bulb in series with 18w fluorescent tube light has used
COMPONENTS USED
voltage sensor
The AC voltage sensor can detect an electric field. Most of the detection can be done by a simple capacitor. A capacitor has two conductors or plates that are separated by a non- conductor called a dielectric. If we connect an ac voltage across the two conductors, an AC current will flow as the electrons are alternately attracted or repelled by the voltage on the opposite plate. Theres a complete ac circuit even though theres is no wires actually in use. The electrical field inside the capacitor, between the two plates, is what completes the ac circuit. It shows this by giving off an audible noise or an LED. light to signify on how strong the electric field is. The stronger the electric field on a wire or object then the stronger the stronger the audible noise on the detector to help guide where the electricity is running at one time. It also gives the electrician a sense of security for when it comes to coming into contact with that part of the circuit. This AC Voltage sensor measures line voltage on mains up to 250 V.
FEATURES
Within 250V AC Voltage can be measured.
Onboard micro-precision voltage transformer
Ratio: 1000:1000
Phase<=20
Linear range: 0-1000V 0-10mA(Sampling resistor is 100ohm)
Installation: PCB mounting (Pin Length> 3mm)
Operating temperature: 40ºC ~ + 70ºC
ADVANTAGES
Analog output corresponding quantity can be adjusted.
PCB board size: 49.5 (mm) x19.4 (mm)
Good consistency, for voltage and power measurement
Very efficient and accuracy
Fig. 2. Voltage sensor.
current sensor
The Dc Current Measurement Sensor is using IC ACS712 is provided in a small, surface mount SOIC8 package. It consists of a precise, low-offset, linear Hall sensor circuit with a copper conduction path located near the surface of the die. When current is applied through the copper conductor, a magnetic field is generated which is sensed by the built-in Hall element. The strength of the magnetic field is proportional to the magnitude of the current through the conduction path, providing a linear relationship between the output Hall voltage and input conduction current. The on- chip signal conditioner and filter circuit stabilizes and enhances the induced Hall voltage to an appropriate level so that it could be measured through an ADC channel of a microcontroller. The pin diagram of ACS712 device and its typical application circuit is shown below. Pins 1, 2 and 3, 4 form the copper conduction path which is used for current sensing. The internal resistance of this path is around 1.2 m, thus providing low power loss. As the terminals of this conduction path are electrically isolated from the sensor leads (pins 5 through 8), the ACS712 device eliminates the risk of damaging the current monitoring circuit due to the high voltage on the conduction side. The electrical isolation between the conduction current and the sensor circuit also minimizes the safety concerns while dealing with high voltage systems
FEATURES
Low-noise analog signal path
Device bandwidth is set via the new FILTER pin
3.s output rise time in response to step input current
The module can measue up to 20 amps.
PCB board size: 31 (mm) x13 (mm).
Analog Output.
.
Fig. 3. Current sensor.
DAQ NI USB-6009
Definitions
Warranted specifications describe the performance of a model under stated operating conditions and are covered by the model warranty. The following characteristic specifications describe values that are relevant to the use of the model under stated operating conditions but are not covered by the model warranty.
Typical specifications describe the performance met by a majority of models.
Nominal specifications describe an attribute that is based on design, conformance testing, or supplemental testing.
Hardware description
The National Instrument USB-6009 multifunction data acquisition (DAQ) modules provide reliable data acquisition at a low price. With plug-and-play USB connectivity, these modules are simple enough for quick measurements but versatile enough for more complex measurement applications.
Software description
The NI USB-6008 and USB-6009 use NI-DAQmx high- performance, multithreaded driver software for interactive configuration and data acquisition on Windows OSs. All NI data acquisition devices shipped with NI-DAQmx also include VI Logger Lite, a configuration-based; not to be confused with G-code. Originally released for the Apple Macintosh in 1986, LabVIEW is commonly used for data acquisition, instrument control, and industrial automation on a variety of operating systems (OSs), including Microsoft Windows, various versions of Unix, Linux, and macOS.
Dataflow diagram
The programming paradigm used in LabVIEW, sometimes called G, is based on data availability. If there is enough data available to a subVI or function, that subVI or function will execute. Execution flow is determined by the structure of a graphical block diagram (the LabVIEW-source code) on which the programmer connects different function-nodes by drawing wires. These wires propagate variables and any node can execute as soon as all its input data become available. Since this might be the case for multiple nodes simultaneously, LabVIEW can execute inherently in parallel. Multi-processing and multi-threading hardware is exploited automatically by the built-in scheduler, which multiplexes multiple OS threads over the nodes ready for execution.
Graphical programming
LabVIEW integrates the creation of user interfaces (termed front panels) into the development cycle. LabVIEW programs-subroutines are termed virtual instruments (VIs). Each VI has three components: a block diagram, a front panel, and a connector pane. The last is used to represent the VI in the block diagrams of other, calling VIs. The front panel is built using controls and indicators. Controls are inputs: they allow a user to supply information to the VI. Indicators are outputs: they indicate, or display, the results based on the inputs given to the VI. The back panel, which is a block diagram, contains the graphical source code. All of the objects placed on the front panel will appear on the back panel as terminals. The back panel also contains structures and functions which perform operations on controls and supply data to indicators. The structures and functions are found on the Functions palette and can be placed on the back panel. Collectively controls, indicators, structures, and functions are referred to as nodes. Nodes are connected to one another using wires, e.g., two controls and an indicator can be wired to the addition function so that the indicator displays the sum of the two controls. Thus a virtual instrument can be run as either a program, with the front panel serving as a user interface, or, when dropped as a node onto the block diagram, the front panel defines the inputs and outputs for the node through the connector pane. This implies each VI can be easily tested before being embedded as a subroutine into a larger program.
The graphical approach also allows nonprogrammers to build programs by dragging and dropping virtual representations of lab equipment with which they are already familiar. The LabVIEW programming environment, with the included examples and documentation, makes it simple to create small applications. This is a benefit on one side, but there is also a certain danger of underestimating the expertise needed for high-quality G programming. For complex algorithms or large-scale code, it is important that a programmer possess an extensive knowledge of the special LabVIEW syntax and the topology of its memory management. The most advanced LabVIEW development systems offer the ability to build stand-alone applications. Furthermore, it is possible to create distributed applications, which communicate by a client server model, and are thus easier to implement due to the inherently parallel nature of G
Interfacing to devices
LabVIEW includes extensive support for interfacing to devices, instruments, camera, and other devices. Users interface to hardware by either writing direct bus commands (USB, GPIB, and Serial) or using high-level, device-specific, drivers that provide native LabVIEW function nodes for controlling the device.
LabVIEW includes built-in support for NI hardware platforms such as CompactDAQ and CompactRIO, with a large number of device-specific blocks for such hardware, the Measurement
and Automation explorer (MAX) and Virtual Instrument Software Architecture (VISA) toolsets.
National Instruments makes thousands of device drivers available for ownload on the NI Instrument Driver Network (IDNet).
LABVIEW SIMULATION
FRONT PANEL
Fig. 4. Front panel in labview software.
Front panel is where the human interface is done with the programming
Here is the where controlling is done and readings is monitored continuously. As is in the figure of front panel shown the input supply is monitored in the meter on panel. Indicators are present to indicate whether the load has been shedded or not if the load is shedded then indicators shows red color and if load is not shedded then it shows green color
BACK PANEL
Above figure showing the back panel of the software where the simulating progam has written
The analog input is taken from DAQ and reduced distortions using some of the labview functions and given to the input of the case structure. A Case Structure is a branching control mechanism that allows different executions depending on the value of the label. In case structure we have given three case types of load shedding within range, priority and manual operation.
In within range we will be given certain range in this case we have given as 200 to 400V if the supply is within that range then no shed is done if due to fluctuation or by some other faults voltage exceeds or decrease the range then loads get shedded.
In the priority case when the generation of power is less than the power consuming then to maintain balance we have to shed some sides of load when we consider loads as domestic and commercial then we not prefer to shed the load on commercial side so by default we have to shed load on domestic side.
In manual operation there will commercial load switch and domestic load switch on the front panel we can shed manually whenever there is no requirement of power.
ADDVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS OF LOAD SHEDDING
Load shedding impacts negatively on consumers and in particular the manufacturers and industries that rely on electricity.
Prevents overloading and damage of the power generators
Prevents instability and system collapse of the electrical generation and distribution systems
Ensures that consumers or parts of the network have power as opposed to a total blackout.
The planned schedules ensure that available capacity is shared fairly and each consumer gets power at one time or another.
It serves as a warning to the utility hence forcing them to increase capacity, and efficiency so as to meet the demand.
The main application of load shedding is balancing the demand and supply of electricity
CONCLUSION
The load shedding based on the voltage stability using voltage sensors is proposed in this project. In this proposed project the load shedding is done in LabVIEW environment with the help of DAQ assistance by giving three priority case types in simulation which is more faster and effective way to shed the load
REFERENCES
Fig. 5. Back panel in labview software.
C. W. Taylor, Concept of under voltage load shedding for voltage stability, IEEE transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 480488, 1992
S. A. Niern berg, D. A. Meinnis, and K. D. Sparks, Fast acting load shedding, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 873877, 1992.
It seems unlikely that Apple will enter the netbook market, though Mac OS netbook rumors continue to circulate. Apple COO Tim Cook dissed the hot product category and suggested those wanting a Mac netbook should just buy an iPhone or iPod Touch instead.
But guess what? Some people aren't waiting for Apple to make a move. They're defying Apple and installing Mac OS X on netbooks from Dell and other manufacturers. (Though Apple computer owners can legitimately install Windows on their Macs, the Mac OS X is only licensed to run on Apple computers.)
Hackintosh Recipes on the Web
Over the past few months, the so-called hackintosh netbook has become a hot topic. Boing Boing published a chart last December, showing which netbooks were likely to be the most compatible with Mac OS X Leopard, including the Dell Inspiron Mini 9 (the most compatible of the netbooks listed), the MSI Wind U100, the Lenovo IdeaPad S10, and the HP Mini 1000.
In February, Gizmodo published a step-by-step guide to installing Mac OS X Leopard on a Dell Mini 9. And PC World sibling publication InfoWorld recently added some spice to Gizmodo's recipe by explaining how to turn a Mini 9 into a Mac 'cloudbook,' which accesses files from the Internet, rather than from internal storage.
Admittedly, a Mac OS netbook that weighs 2.28 pounds (which is the Mini 9's weight) and that's ultra compact (the Mini 9 measures 1.07 by 9.13 by 6.77 inches) is hugely compelling. And both the Gizmodo and InfoWorld writers raved about how nicely Mac OS X plays with the Mini 9. Wrote William Hurley in InfoWorld, after converting a Mini 9 into a Mac netbook: 'I had a sweet little machine that I'm happier with than any computer I've ever owned.'
But before you go down that path, allow me to feed you a little food for thought.
No-Guarantees Hack Could Cost You Big
1. The hack is complicated and may not work. If you read through Gizmodo's steps, you'll see that despite the careful instructions, the process isn't going to be a picnic in Paris.
For instance, here's step four: 'At this point, the OS X installer will either load or it won't.' If it doesn't, Gizmodo offers a detailed backup plan--which adds seven additional steps to the process. Bottom line: If step number four is a no-go, you've got a total of 18 steps to slog through to make your Mac netbook. A few more steps and you'd be a contestant on Dancing With the Stars.
2. You're breaking all sorts of rules. As InfoWorld's Hurley put it: 'Everything I've done to create my cloudbook violates the Mac OS X EULA (end user license agreement), trashes your Dell warranty, and in general will probably lead to other trouble.' Enough said.
3. It ain't cheap. Let's suppose, for the sake of argument, that points one and two haven't scared you off. You want to do this thing, and conscientious person that you are, you're not going to do it with pirated software. Fine--so let's do the math, just for kicks.
A Dell Mini 9 with the required specs (including a 16GB solid-state drive) for converting into a hackintosh netbook will set you back at least US$279. That's if you purchase a refurbished Windows XP netbook from Dell's online outlet. (At the time I checked outlet prices, there were no Linux units with a 16GB or higher SSD available. Dell's inventory changes practically by the minute, so check it often if you're looking for a good deal.) By comparison, the price of a new Mini 9 with a 16GB SSD and Windows XP preinstalled was recently $349.
I found full retail versions of Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard for sale on eBay and through Amazon.com sellers for about $80 and up. Purchased elsewhere, the Mac OS X goes for $100 or more.
You'll most likely need an external DVD drive, from which to install the Mac OS. (Like other netbooks, the Mini 9 lacks an optical drive.) I found external drives online for about $50 and up. If Gizmodo's step number four doesn't work for you, you'll also need an 8GB or larger USB thumb drive, to serve as your boot drive. That will set you back another $15 at least.
Finally, to get the full Mac experience, you'll want a copy of Apple's iLife 09 package, which includes iMovie, iPhoto, GarageBand, and other cool creativity apps. I've seen new, sealed copies on eBay for as little as $50. (Apple sells it for $79.)
Your total? At least $474.
The Wrap Up
The allure of converting a sweet little Dell Mini 9 into a micro MacBook is undeniably huge. But if you went with the least expensive options I've outlined, you'd have spent almost $500 on your Mac netbook, without any guarantees it will work properly. In this economy--in any economy--that doesn't seem like money well spent.
Besides, I wouldn't be shocked to see Apple launch some version of a netbook--one that's infinitely cooler than its competitors--sometime this year. In fact, I'll leave you with this tantalizing report about a possible tablet-style iPod for Verizon.
Mobile Computing News, Reviews, & Tips
Turn Your XP Netbook Into an E-Book Reader: If the Mac hack seems too scary and costly, you can turn your netbook into an e-book reader--for free. You can even get free reading materials: Go to Project Gutenberg to download classics as unprotected PDF, HTML, and plain text files, for reading on your netbook. Many netbooks allow you to switch the screen's orientation from horizontal to vertical, which provides an easier reading experience. Get the complete story in '57 Amazing Things You Didn't Know Your Tech Could Do!'
Samsung N110's Crazy-Long Battery Life: The new Samsung N110 netbook ran for 8 hours, 23 minutes in our tests, with its own lightweight battery. That's pretty cool, considering that you often need a heavy battery to squeeze that much juice out of a netbook. The N110 ($470) lands at number two on our Top 10 Netbooks chart, just below the Asus Eee PC 1000HE ($400), which lasted 7 hours, 9 minutes in our tests.
New Lost-Cost Business Notebooks from HP: Hewlett-Packard's new ProBook S-series combines business productivity with consumer features such as high-def graphics and Blu-ray Disc drives. HP is offering two OS flavors: Windows Vista with available XP downgrade or a version of Linux from Novell. The ProBooks start at $529.
Hallway Apc Top Hat Mac Os Catalina
Suggestion Box
Hallway Apc Top Hat Mac Os X
Is there a particularly cool mobile computing product or service I've missed? Got a spare story idea in your back pocket? Tell me about it. However, I regret that I'm unable to respond to tech-support questions, due to the volume of e-mail I receive.
Contributing Editor James A. Martin offers tools, tips, and product recommendations to help you make the most of computing on the go. You can follow him on Twitter. Sign up to have Mobile Computing e-mailed to you each week.
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